p-cresol glucuronide (pCG) is a liver-derived conjugate of the gut microbial metabolite p-cresol, excreted via the kidneys, and it reflects gut-microbiome activity in blood and urine.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a universal second messenger which translates extracellular cues into cellular responses regulating metabolism, gene expression, neurobiology, and immunity. Dysregulated cAMP signaling contributes to cancer, inflammation, and neurological disorders, making it a key target in precision medicine.

Bilirubin reduces oxidative stress, supports liver and cardiovascular functions, and protects against inflammation-related health conditions.